Recent advances in experimental techniques are leading to better approaches for the quantitative measurement and investigation of biological systems.  Biological systems ranging from the level of species populations to individual biomolecules exhibit fascinating phenomena and also enormous complexity relative to traditional systems studied in the physical sciences and applied mathematics.  While in principle the fundamental laws of physics ultimately govern biological systems, in practice, a strictly first principles approach is impractical given the rich phenomena that emerge out of the complexity of these systems.  To gain useful insights, an active area of research is the development of new paradigms in what might be termed "meta-theories" to understand biological processes in a domain specific manner.  In this lecture we provide a survey of opportunities in the biological sciences for such theoretical investigations.  In particular, we shall discuss the investigation of molecular motor proteins, specifically, kinesin transport along microtubules and helicase motion of DNA and related optical trap and FRET encoder experiments.  We shall discuss the investigation of the proteins that augment microtubule elasticity and related fluorescence microscopy experiments.  We shall also discuss investigations of lipid bilayer membranes and protein inclusions.